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Compare Tonga (2008) - Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2001)

Compare Tonga (2008) z Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2001)

 Tonga (2008)Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2001)
 TongaAshmore and Cartier Islands
Administrative divisions 3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u -
Age structure 0-14 years: 34.6% (male 20,624/female 19,779)


15-64 years: 61.2% (male 35,551/female 36,052)


65 years and over: 4.2% (male 2,087/female 2,828) (2007 est.)		 -
Agriculture - products squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish -
Airports 6 (2007) -
Airports - with paved runways total: 1


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2007)		 -
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 5


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 3


under 914 m: 1 (2007)		 -
Area total: 748 sq km


land: 718 sq km


water: 30 sq km		 total:
5 sq km

land:
5 sq km

water:
0 sq km

note:
includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island
Area - comparative four times the size of Washington, DC about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Background Tonga - unique among Pacific nations - never completely lost its indigenous governance. The archipelagos of "The Friendly Islands" were united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. Tonga became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900; it withdrew from the protectorate and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. Tonga remains the only monarchy in the Pacific. These uninhabited islands came under Australian authority in 1931; formal administration began two years later. Ashmore Reef supports a rich and diverse avian and marine habitat; in 1983 it became a National Nature Reserve. Recent geological explorations have indicated promising petroleum formations.
Birth rate 23.67 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) -
Budget revenues: $56.97 million


expenditures: $83.88 million (FY04/05)		 -
Capital name: Nuku'alofa


geographic coordinates: 21 08 S, 175 12 W


time difference: UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)		 -
Climate tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) tropical
Coastline 419 km 74.1 km
Constitution 4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967 -
Country name conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga


conventional short form: Tonga


local long form: Pule'anga Tonga


local short form: Tonga


former: Friendly Islands		 conventional long form:
Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands

conventional short form:
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Death rate 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) -
Debt - external $80.7 million (2004) -
Dependency status - territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Australian Department of the Environment, Sport, and Territories
Diplomatic representation from the US the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga none (territory of Australia)
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Fekitamoeloa 'UTOIKAMANU


chancery: 250 East 51st Street, New York, NY 10022


telephone: [1] (917) 369-1025


FAX: [1] (917) 369-1024


consulate(s) general: San Francisco		 none (territory of Australia)
Disputes - international none none
Economic aid - recipient $31.75 million (2005) -
Economy - overview Tonga has a small, open, South Pacific island economy. It has a narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. High unemployment among the young, a continuing upturn in inflation, pressures for democratic reform, and rising civil service expenditures are major issues facing the government. no economic activity
Electricity - consumption 32.55 million kWh (2005) -
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2005) -
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2005) -
Electricity - production 35 million kWh (2005) -
Elevation extremes lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m


highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m		 lowest point:
Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point:
unnamed location 3 m
Environment - current issues deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations NA
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements		 -
Ethnic groups Polynesian, Europeans -
Exchange rates pa'anga per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.0277 (2006), 1.96 (2005), 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003) -
Executive branch chief of state: King George TUPOU V (since 11 September 2006)


head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Feleti SEVELE (since 11 February 2006); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Viliami TANGI (since 16 May 2006)


cabinet: Cabinet consists of 14 members, 10 appointed by the monarch for life; four appointed from among the elected members of the Legislative Assembly, including two each from the nobles' and peoples' representatives serving three-year terms


note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch, the cabinet, and two governors


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the monarch		 -
Exports 0 bbl/day (2004) -
Exports - commodities squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops -
Exports - partners US 39.7%, Japan 27.8%, NZ 8.2%, South Korea 7.6% (2006) -
Fiscal year 1 July - 30 June -
Flag description red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner the flag of Australia is used
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 23%


industry: 27%


services: 50% (FY03/04 est.)		 -
GDP - real growth rate 2.4% (2005 est.) -
Geographic coordinates 20 00 S, 175 00 W 12 14 S, 123 05 E
Geography - note archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited) Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in August 1983
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%		 -
Imports 842.3 bbl/day (2004) -
Imports - commodities foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals -
Imports - partners Fiji 30.3%, NZ 27.7%, US 8.2%, Australia 7.5%, France 5.7%, UK 4.7% (2006) -
Independence 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate) -
Industrial production growth rate 1% (2003 est.) -
Industries tourism, fishing -
Infant mortality rate total: 11.99 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 13.3 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 10.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)		 -
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 11.1% (2005 est.) -
International organization participation ACP, ADB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, ITUC, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -
Irrigated land NA 0 sq km (1993)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (Chief Justice and high court justices from overseas chosen and approved by Privy Council) -
Labor force 33,910 (2003) -
Labor force - by occupation agriculture: 65%


industry and services: 35% (1997 est.)		 -
Land boundaries 0 km 0 km
Land use arable land: 20%


permanent crops: 14.67%


other: 65.33% (2005)		 arable land:
0%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
0%

forests and woodland:
0%

other:
100% (all grass and sand)
Languages Tongan, English -
Legal system based on English common law the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply
Legislative branch unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (32 seats - 14 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms)


elections: last held on 21 March 2005 (next to be held in 2008)


election results: Peoples Representatives: percent of vote - HRDMT 70%, other 30%; seats - HRDMT 7, independents 2		 -
Life expectancy at birth total population: 70.12 years


male: 67.6 years


female: 72.76 years (2007 est.)		 -
Literacy definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English


total population: 98.9%


male: 98.8%


female: 99% (1999 est.)		 -
Location Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, northwest of Australia
Map references Oceania Southeast Asia
Maritime claims territorial sea: 12 nm


exclusive economic zone: 200 nm


continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation		 contiguous zone:
12 NM

continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive fishing zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
3 NM
Merchant marine total: 14 ships (1000 GRT or over) 58,756 GRT/67,889 DWT


by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 9, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1


foreign-owned: 3 (Australia 1, Switzerland 1, UK 1) (2007)		 -
Military - note - defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force
Military branches Tonga Defense Services (TDS): Land Force (Royal Guard), Naval Force (includes Royal Marines, Air Wing) (2008) -
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 0.9% (2006 est.) -
National holiday Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970) -
Nationality noun: Tongan(s)


adjective: Tongan		 -
Natural hazards cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards
Natural resources fish, fertile soil fish
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) -
Political parties and leaders People's Democratic Party [Tesina FUKO] -
Political pressure groups and leaders Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote VEA, chairman]; Public Servant's Association [Finau TUTONE] -
Population 116,921 (July 2007 est.) no indigenous inhabitants

note:
there are only seasonal caretakers (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 24% (FY03/04) -
Population growth rate 1.847% (2007 est.) -
Ports and harbors - none; offshore anchorage only
Radio broadcast stations AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2001) -
Religions Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents) -
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.043 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.986 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.738 male(s)/female


total population: 0.993 male(s)/female (2007 est.)		 -
Suffrage 21 years of age; universal -
Telephone system general assessment: competition between Tonga Telecommunications Corporation (TCC) and Shoreline Communications Tonga (SCT) is accelerating expansion of telecommunications; SCT recently granted authority to develop high-speed digital service for telephone, Internet, and television


domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 40 telephones per 100 persons; fully automatic switched network


international: country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2004)		 -
Telephones - main lines in use 13,700 (2005) -
Telephones - mobile cellular 29,900 (2005) -
Television broadcast stations 3 (2004) -
Terrain most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base low with sand and coral
Total fertility rate 2.75 children born/woman (2007 est.) -
Unemployment rate 13% (FY03/04 est.) -
Waterways - none
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